![]() The Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben proposed sciō is a back-formation of nescīre, meaning "to not know, be unfamiliar with", which may derive from Proto-Indo-European *sekH- in Latin secāre, or *skh 2-, from *sḱʰeh2(i)- meaning "to cut". According to Michiel de Vaan, Dutch linguist and Indo-Europeanist, sciō may have its origin in the Proto-Italic language as * skije- or * skijo- meaning "to know", which may originate from Proto-Indo-European language as *skh 1-ie, *skh 1-io, meaning "to incise". There are many hypotheses for science's ultimate word origin. It is a noun derivative of the Latin sciens meaning "knowing", and undisputedly derived from the Latin sciō, the present participle scīre, meaning "to know". The word was borrowed from the Anglo-Norman language as the suffix -cience, which was borrowed from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge, awareness, understanding". The word science has been used in Middle English since the 14th century in the sense of "the state of knowing". Look up science in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The practical impact of their work has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the ethical and moral development of commercial products, armaments, health care, public infrastructure, and environmental protection. Contemporary scientific research is highly collaborative and is usually done by teams in academic and research institutions, government agencies, and companies. New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems. ![]() Applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as in engineering and medicine. There is disagreement whether the formal sciences are science disciplines, because they do not rely on empirical evidence. Modern science is typically divided into three major branches: natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study the physical world the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study formal systems, governed by axioms and rules. The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape, along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science". The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived " natural philosophy", which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. : 12 After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek manuscripts from the dying Byzantine Empire to Western Europe in the Renaissance. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. The earliest written records of identifiable predecessors to modern science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. ( 1) find good evidence to support gastric cells as the origin of BE.Chronology of the universe as deduced by the prevailing Big Bang theory, a result from science and obtained knowledge On page 760 of this issue, Nowicki-Osuch et al. Better knowledge about the pathogenesis of BE may lead to better diagnosis, stratification, and treatment, and might help to develop targeted chemopreventive strategies in the future. The origin of metaplastic columnar cells is unclear, and different candidate precursor cells have been suggested. Metaplasia is the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type: BE is characterized by replacement of normal squamous epithelium by columnar epithelium with gastric and intestinal features. BE is a metaplastic response at the gastroesophageal boundary to chronic tissue injury by acid reflux. ![]() ![]() Surveillance relies on regular endoscopy with biopsies to detect dysplasia (disordered cellular growth) and diagnose cancer at an early, treatable stage. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition with increased risk for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). ![]()
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